E-Business is Better if Localized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Business is Better if Localized - Essay Example Technological advancement and the introduction of computer-driven technologies in the business landscape have influenced how business is managed today. Computer-driven technologies are making it possible to turn out small runs of increasingly customized goods aimed at niche markets. Smart companies are moving from the production of long runs of commodity products to short runs of "higher value added" products (Toffler,1990,p.52). Financial markets are not spared from the upheaval. World capital markets throughout the globe are now interlinked via satellite, networks and technology. Globalization has linked formerly independent economies. When a cataclysm occurs within a globally linked financial system, the entire global market feels the ripples of the event. Businesses are no longer isolated entities that operate autonomously. Business environments are changing rapidly because of several factors. These changes make it difficult for companies to meet the challenge while using traditional business models. Barabba (1998,pp.34-59) attributes these three phenomena as factors of change: 2. Communications technologies improve and enable businesses to acquire deep and broad external knowledge of markets, allowing them "to better sense changes in customer requirements." These technologies will also allow companies "to Innovatively serve those markets."; and 3. "Technology is redefining the nature of competition." Murphy (1998) describes "a new business model or paradigm that he calls alternatively" an "internetworked (virtual) enterprise" or "extended enterprise." These new enterprises "encompass channel partners, remote workers, suppliers, distributors, and consumers through a secure Web-based global network." (ij and Saarinen,2001). Infrastructure to support this new development is provided by the Internet. The Internet allows companies to become decentralized and operate within the digital environment. To make this model work, this type of business organization must link all business functions (supply, purchasing, manufacturing, operations, transportation, financing, accounting, personnel, sales, and customer service), "all stakeholders (business partners, suppliers, service and technology providers, distributors, retailers, outsourcing partners, remote workers, and customers, competitors, financiers, and regulators), and all organizational capabilities (information system, self-regulatin g and self-organizing organizational structure, and reinvented virtual supply chain)" (ij and Saarinen, 2001). This is to create a holistic business approach in the digital milieu. The new business paradigm created by three new classes of business model -

Latino film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latino film - Essay Example In later scenes, to cope with the hardships and growing hostility from her husband, she ends up throwing her husband out of her home. Even after this rough and hard decision, she still had to manage her life with the growing wave of revolution around her. The movie revolves around the typical life of a Cuban woman who had to deal with all the hardships and struggle despite being the fragile part of the society without any support from her husband and family. Many people underestimate the power of women during the times of war and revolution. During the wave of feminist movement in 1960 women played their roles as efficient workers and home makers at the same time. On the other hand, comparing the movie with another Hollywood’s revolutionary film, Salt of the Earth, triggered the critics to look into a different direction for its content and subject. The latter movie holds the same revolutionary wave with women in the leading roles as it has been depicted in Portrait of Teresa. The character of Esperanza was supported by showcasing the rapidly growing women’s movement. The character of Esperanza is shown coping with the troubles of unionism, leftists and at the same time, the emerging wave of feminism. In both the movies a strong wave of feminism can be felt. However, in the Portrait of Teresa, the movie revolved around the struggles of one woman whereas in Salt of the Earth, the subject of the movie projects the struggle of Esperanza with her sisters. But their struggle for sexual equality is the central idea that has been projected in both the movies. Women have been portrayed as the strongest gender as compared to men despite social barriers and minimum exposure to the world outside. Both the characters had to bear the same strenuous household responsibilities and later with their keen participation in the movement, they had to bear the disapproval of their involvement in the movement from their husbands. The theme of both the movies revolves ar ound one thought - how to survive the struggle for your rights in a subjugated society filled with gender discrimination and bias. Both of the women are tied to fulfill their gender roles assigned to them by their societal traditions with little room to be accepted as anything other than a typical homemaker. Teresa’s resentment over inequality and growing anger over her husband’s ill treatment clearly project the time when women were gaining empowerment and awareness of the unfair living conditions and treatment. Similarly, in Salt of the Earth, Esperanza holds the same state of mind, when she was greatly undermined by her husband’s judgmental statement and strikes back in a bitter tone, â€Å"Have your strike. I’ll have my baby, but no hospital will take me, because I’ll be a striker’s wife. The store will cut off our credit, and the kids will go hungry . . . and then they’ll come and take away the radio† (Salt of the Earth, p .10). Even at this point, her husband scorns her while chastising for fear of losing the radio and being more self-concerned. Women are emotionally vulnerable but deep down inside they tend to project the stronger side of their personality, especially in times of stress. All in all, the movie Portrait of Teresa is a poignant movie which depicts the contradictions which exist in the male dominated Cuban society, no matter how much the Cuban Revolution and its ideals have attempted to bring women to the

The Lord of the Rings Essay Example for Free

The Lord of the Rings Essay To begin describing my unlikely hero’s we first have to ask ourselves what makes a hero. Is it always a big, strong alpha male with a square jaw and cocky attitude? I hardly think so. I feel that a hero is someone who puts others needs in front of their own to complete whatever task is set before them, even though they may have to give their life in the process, they keep going. Once in a while you come across a story where the hero not only does not fit into the stereotypical hero status but is as far away from what you expect as you can get. The unlikely hero†¦ The unlikely hero is a hero who never wanted to be a hero. The unlikely hero proves that anyone can make it as a hero. This diamond in the rough disguises his true potential until tough times call for his aid. He is greatly unsure of himself and often unsure on what to do. He just knows that something has to be done. The odds are usually greatly in favor of the villains and there is much to overcome, both mentally and psychically. My unlikely heroes are Frodo from the Lord of the Rings (Tolkien) and Pug from the Riftwar Saga. Both of these unlikely heroes must overcome great odds to complete quests that are thrust upon them. One, a small hobbit with little knowledge of the world outside of his home in the Shire, the other, a small orphan boy from the rustic town of castle Crydee. Neither is aware of the dangers that await them or that their lives are about to change forever. Frodo Baggins is a hobbit. Hobbits are short and stocky and do not go out very often. Life outside the Shire does not concern them too much and they are very content on staying on their own land doing what pleases them. Frodo lives with his uncle Bilbo in his hobbit hole Bags End, a house carved into the side of a hill. Frodo is usually quiet and reserved and does not like to cause a scene. (Tolkien) While living with his uncle Bilbo, Frodo is left in the Shire as heir to Bags End and all of the possessions. This included a magic ring. All Bilbo knew about the ring is that it turned the wearer invisible; the true nature of the ring had become lost to history. After keeping the ring hidden for 17 years the wizard Gandalf came to Frodo to tell him that it is The One Ring of the Dark Lord Sauron and that his agents are searching for it. Gandalf informs Fordo he must take the ring to Rivendell, home of the house of Elrond, an elf lord in order to keep it out of the hands of the Nazgul, Sauron’s agents. (Tolkien) At the start of his journey Frodo is joined by his friend and gardener Samwise Gamgee, and his cousins Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took. They leave the shire for Rivendell and almost instantly they are tracked by the Nazgul, barely escaping. They make it to an inn in the town of Bree where they are joined by Aragorn who helps them escape their next attack and guide them to Rivendell. Once in Rivendell there is a meeting on what to do about the ring. There are representatives from each race at the meeting. They come to the conclusion that the ring is to be destroyed but an argument ensues on who will take possession of it to destroy it. Then Frodo volunteers for the task and everyone else takes an oath to protect him on his journey to Mordor to destroy the ring in the fires of Mount Doom. (Tolkien) There are many things that Frodo must overcome in order to complete his task. The ring drives the humans around it mad and they will eventually try to kill Frodo for it. Frodo is also hunted at every turn by Orcs and every other being that Sauron has under his control. Frodo eventually has to leave all of his companions behind with the exception of Sam in order to protect the ring from those that wish to use the rings power. Frodo and Sam made their way through Emyn Muil, followed by the creature Gollum. As they finally reached Mount Doom, Gollum reappeared and attacked Frodo, who beat him back. He continued on while Sam fought with Gollum. Having finally reached the Sammath Naur, or Crack of Doom, however, Frodo lost the will to destroy the Ring, and instead put it on, claiming it for himself. Gollum got past Sam and attacked the invisible Frodo, biting off his finger, and finally regained his precious. As he danced around in elation, Gollum lost his balance and fell with the Ring into the lava. The Ring was thus destroyed, Saurons power lost and his realm ended. Frodo and Sam were rescued by Great Eagles as Mount Doom erupted. (Tolkien) Pug is the child of unknown parents, an orphan abandoned at a monastery near Crydee, a town on the north-west coast of the Kingdom of the Isles. As a boy, he is sent to Castle Crydee and is adopted by Megar, the castle keeps cook. He grows up there, becoming the closest friend of Megars son, Tomas, becoming almost a brother to him. While gathering shellfish at age 13, Pug is caught in a storm, his ankle is sprained, and he is charged by a wild boar. He is saved by a franklin named Meecham, who is in the service of the court Magician Kulgan. (Fiest) Kulgan discovers Pugs talent for magic and takes him as his apprentice on Choosing Day. Under Kulgans tutelage, Pug makes satisfactory progress in the theory of magic, but finds himself unable to cast spells in the traditional way. Pug appears to suffer some form of mental block. Kulgan decides that as a foil to Pugs very logical mind, Pug is to be taught equestrian skills. This leads to Pug being selected to accompany Princess Carline (daughter of the Duke of Crydee) into the countryside on a ride. During the course of this ride, they are attacked by two trolls; Pug manages to defend the princess demonstrating skill first with a sling and then with his unexpected success in casting a spell, his first of any power. The spell causes the trolls excruciating pain and they drown. Kulgan voices to Pug that this is a skill unheard of in Midkemian magic. Casting this particular spell without a device to focus the power was impossible. Casting the spell in the manner in which Pug did should have caused great pain to himself instead of the Trolls. Upon return to Crydee, Pug earns the gratitude of the Duke and the affection of Carline, Duke Borrics beautiful, but willful, daughter. As a reward for this feat, Pug is made a squire and was granted land, to be held by the crown until the age of majority. Then, mysteriously, the Tsurani invade Crydee. A bitter nine year war ensues at the start of which, Pug is captured while helping Kulgan get safely away from a skirmish and taken to Kelewan, kept at first as a swamp slave, cutting timber and pulp for the Tsurani. He is liberated from the swamps by Clan of Tsurani nobles, and instructed to tutor their sons in the ways of the Kingdom. Pug is respected but never allowed to forget that he is nothing but a slave. During this time Pug meets and falls for Katala, a slave girl of great beauty and wit, and Laurie, a former Troubador from the Kingdom, most recently a friend and confidant of Pug. However, one day Pugs former training is recognized by a Tsurani Great One. Pug is trained as a Greater Path Magician, and is remarkable in many ways. His outworld status (as well as his former status as slave, enemy and lesser path apprentice) makes him something of a celebrity. Pug is renamed Milamber. Fiest) Pug becomes instrumental in bringing the Riftwar to an end, by destroying the planetary rift between Kelewan and Midkemia, in an effort to stop the return of the enemy to Midkemia. When the Riftwar ends, Pug is rewarded with the title to the island of Stardock, previously gifted to him by Duke Borric for saving his daughter. It is also revealed that after he had been considered dead, the Duke gave him a name in memorial, adopting him into the ConDoin family, effectively making him an adopted member of the royal family. Fiest) Midkemia is very similar to Earth in climate, and its flora and fauna. It has three continents: Triagia, Novindus and Winet. It has two oceans, though there are various names for them depending on the continent or nation. The Endless Sea is west of Triagia and is east of Novindus where it is called the Blue Sea. The Sea of Tears is east of Triagia and west of Novindus where it is called the Green Sea. (Fiest) Tolkien prepared several maps of Middle-earth and the regions of Middle-earth in which his stories took place. Some were published in his lifetime, though some of the earliest maps were not published until after his death. The main maps were those published in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales. Most of the events of the First Age took place in the subcontinent Beleriand, which was later engulfed by the ocean at the end of the First Age; the Blue Mountains at the right edge of the map of Beleriand are the same Blue Mountains that appear on the extreme left of the map of Middle-earth described in the Second and Third Ages. Tolkiens map of Middle-earth, however, shows only a small part of the world; most of the vast lands of Rhun and Harad are not shown on the map, and there are also other continents. (Tolkien) The two unlikely heroes are a lot alike as well as being very different. Pug has many powers he can use later on in the books to help him do what needs to be done. Frodo just has his will and the help of Sam. No matter how hard things became, they both pressed on in order to save their world.

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay Sports drinks are a highly lucrative business with many athletes believing they significantly improve performance. However recent research analysing the potential of low-fat milk as a post-exercise recovery aid has shown that highly commercialised carbohydrate-based sports drinks may be less beneficial. I have witnessed the rebranding of drinks such as Mars Refuel being packaged in sports bottles and using athlete endorsement and am interested in its effectiveness in intermittent sports. As a badminton player, I am keen to see whether low-fat milk can be used to aid recovery in varying-intensity intermittent sports. Also, there is currently a new campaign, Milk it for all its Worth, run by the Dairy Council following funding by the EU aiming to promote the health benefits of milk in young people (Dairy Council, 2010). Therefore, it is a good time to be conducting research in this area. Title Is post-exercise consumption of chocolate milk a suitable recovery drink following glycogen-depleting exercise in male badminton players? Literature Review Roy (2008) reviewed the current research on milk and its potential as a sports drink. He recognised that the limited research in this field has been conducted into the recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. The available research suggests milk favourably alters protein metabolism and is more nutrient dense than commercial sports drinks. This review also recognises the need for further research into the possible applications and efficacy of milk as a recovery drink. Recent research has shown that milk consumption immediately and one hour after exercise, is effective for strength and resistance training athletes to increase muscle mass, encourage type II muscle fibre hypertrophy and promote loss of fat mass leading to leaner mass and favourable change in body composition, (Hartman et al. 2007 and Josse et al. 2010). This is topical as young women in particular avoid dairy products believing them to be fattening (Josse et al. 2010). Hartman et al. (2007) tested whether consuming fat-free milk post resistance exercise would promote greater lean mass accretion compared to consumption of soy or an isoenergetic carbohydrate drink in young novice weightlifters. They used a relatively large sample size, increasing reliability. Josse et al. (2010) conducted an equivalent experiment in female athletes producing similar results, verifying Hartman et al.s method. Josse et al. (2010) also theorised milk consumption may have led to increased bone health; howe ver more research is needed for verification. Cockburn et al. (2010) investigated the most effective timing for consumption of a milk recovery drink. They investigated consumption before muscle damaging exercise, immediately after and 24 hours later. The study produced the recommendation that athletes consume milk immediately post-exercise, which would allow the athlete to perform at closer to optimal levels 48 hours later. This corresponds with recommendations from Pritchett et al. (2009). Precise recommendations have been given as 50-75g of carbohydrate consumed 30-45 minutes post-exercise and 1.0-1.5g of carbohydrate.kg-1.h-1 for next few hours (Ivy et al. 2002). Research has also been conducted into the effectiveness of milk for rehydration. Shirreffs et al. (2007) found milk an effective recovery aid following mild exercise-induced dehydration. They compared low-fat milk, low-fat milk with added sodium chloride, a sports drink and water at restoring fluid balance post-exercise. A volume equal to 150% of the volume of body mass lost during exercise was consumed 20 minutes post-exercise to ensure sufficient rehydration. All four drinks initially hydrated participants. However, the gastric emptying rate of milk is much slower than for sports drinks and water. This gave a greater percentage of drink retention with the milk drinks and the subjects remained in a net positive fluid balance and euhydrated at the end of the recovery period (Shirreffs et al. 2007). Conversely, the sports drink and water increased urine output resulting in a net negative fluid balance. There was no difference between the two milk drinks possibly because low-fat milk a lready contains a moderate quantity of sodium, higher than most commercial sports drinks. Research is needed to compare milk and sports drinks containing the same electrolyte content to confirm whether it is the haemodilution effect of sports drinks that led to a negative fluid balance. Low-fat chocolate milk contains the same nutritional benefits as low-fat milk but has been found to be more palatable than popular carbohydrate replacement drinks (Pritchett et al. 2009). Karp et al. (2006) found chocolate milk an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts. Their study on endurance-trained cyclists involved glycogen-depleting exercise, a recovery period in which test drinks were consumed and a test to exhaustion. The research showed that both the time to exhaustion and the total work performed was significantly greater following the consumption of chocolate milk compared to a carbohydrate replacement drink with subjects cycling for 49% longer (Karp et al. 2006). However the chocolate milk had no significant difference compared with the fluid replacement drink. The carbohydrate content of the three different drinks in this research were equal, which had not been addressed in previous studies and produced contrasting results showing no significant difference in performance between the different drinks. However the types of carbohydrates and calorie content of the drinks were unequal. Both the chocolate milk and fluid replacement drinks contained a mixture of monosaccharides and disaccharides compared to the complex carbohydrates present in the carbohydrate replacement drink. This may account for the results as the complex carbohydrates may not have completely digested in the 4 hour recovery period. Also the greater number of calories in the chocolate milk may have accounted for the improved performance. Thomas et al. (2009) addressed this problem with a study comparing isocaloric chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks with an isovolumetric fluid. The protocol was also a submaximal (70% VO2max) endurance exercise cycle in a glycogen-depleted state. Participants cycled for 51% longer and 43% longer with post-exercise chocolate milk consumption compared to consumption of carbohydrate replacement and fluid replacement drinks respectively (Thomas et al. 2009). This further supports the usage of chocolate milk as an effective post-exercise recovery drink, following prolonged endurance exercise. This research focuses on endurance athletes and the test to exhaustion is at a moderate intensity suggesting fat may be the predominant fuel source. The increased fat content of chocolate milk and subsequent increased concentrations in free fatty acids circulating in the plasma could account for the increased time to exhaustion, suggesting carbohydrate replacement drinks may be a more b eneficial recovery aid when working at higher intensities. Therefore, this research shows chocolate milk to only be a good recovery aid for moderate endurance exercise. Furthermore, this research was partially funded by Mars U.K. Ltd. which could be a potential source for bias. More recent research has studied this area, finding chocolate milk to be an effective recovery aid for cyclists after intense exercise. (Pritchett et al. 2009). The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in chocolate milk is similar to that in carbohydrate recovery drinks and therefore may help attenuate muscle damage post-exercise. Pritchett et al. (2009) compared chocolate milk and a carbohydrate replacement drink as recovery aids. They investigated the time to exhaustion working at 85% VO2max following intermittent high-intensity training and a 15-18 hour recovery period. Their study showed chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks are equally effective in attenuating muscle soreness. Time to exhaustion was not significantly different between the two drinks. The study by Pritchett et al. (2009) used drinks that were isocaloric and had equal carbohydrate content. The recovery period was 15-18 hours to allow complex carbohydrates to be broken down and participants worked at 85% VO2max during the test to exhaustion to ensure a greater reliance on carbohydrates as the main fuel source. Despite all this, the participants used to test milk as a recovery aid for high-intensity training were endurance trained cyclists. Therefore this is unrepresentative of athletes who participate in high-intensity intermittent sports. There has been only one recent study into the effects of milk consumption in team sports (Gilson et al. 2010). Training programmes for competitive sports containing varying-intensity intermittent exercise such as football have been shown to deplete muscle glycogen stores. Such programmes should produce similar results in badminton players. Gilson et al. (2010) found that post-exercise chocolate milk compared to carbohydrate consumption had no preferential effect on short-duration, high-intensity exercise. The exercise regime in this study may not have been of an adequate intensity to impair muscle recovery which could explain the results as increases in training volumes were relatively modest. The above evidence shows low-fat milk based drinks to be suitable for rehydration and recovery from endurance and strength training. However, it fails to reach a firm conclusion on whether they are more effective than carbohydrate drinks and lacks analysis on physiological reasons behind the findings. For example, none of these studies directly measures the efficacy of milk to promote muscle glycogen recovery following endurance exercise; only performance is analysed. Admittedly this is harder to achieve. The lack of research into the efficiency of milk as a post-exercise recovery drink to varying-intensity intermittent exercise sports, despite the large market for recovery drinks in this field of sport, has prompted my research. The aim is to find through similar testing as in the studies reviewed whether chocolate milk can be an effective aid for those who participate in varying-intensity intermittent sport, focusing on badminton players. Research problem There will be no significant difference in the time to exhaustion from high-intensity intermittent shuttle running following the consumption of chocolate milk and an isocaloric carbohydrate-based drink during a recovery period post glycogen-depleting exercise. Method Sampling County-level, healthy, male badminton players between the ages of 18-30 will be used (n=14). Other studies have used a sample size of 9 so whilst being realistic the increase should provide more reliable results. Well-trained athletes will be used to avoid mood or learning impacting performance. The standard will be defined as a minimum of 6 hours training per week, playing for their county and minimum of 3 years playing badminton. The Leicestershire Badminton Association (LBA) will be contacted to provide the participants needed. Snowball sampling may be used to gain participants or random sampling to reduce numbers if necessary. Lactose intolerance volunteers will be excluded. Procedure The procedure will be based on the Thomas et al. (2009) study, but will focus on intermittent exercise. This will be a crossover and fully counter-balanced study. Each participant will complete glycogen-depleting exercise to exhaustion, followed by a recovery period and an experimental trial on three occasions. Participants will be asked to arrive in a fully rested, hydrated state and to have refrained from strenuous exercise for 24 hours. They will be required to complete a 3 day food diary prior to each trial. They will be asked to arrive at the same time of day for each trial to minimise diurnal variation and this will be in the morning following an overnight fast. Participants will come for a familiarisation trial where they will be fully informed of all the risks and basic measurements such as height, mass, age and frequency of participation will be recorded. They will then be required to do a VO2max test, see Ramsbottom et al. (1988) for method, from which the running speeds for 55% and 95% will be calculated. They will also have a trial at the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) (see Nicholas et al. (2000) for method) to familiarise themselves. During this they will be able to consume water ad libitum. In the following experimental trials they will be encouraged to consume an equal amount. Experimental Sessions Following a warm-up, participants will complete the LIST (Nicholas et al. 2000). Heart rate monitors will be fitted and record heart rate every 15 seconds during exercise using short-range radio telemetry. Rate of perceived exertion using Borgs 6-20 scale will be recorded every 15 minutes. Sprint times in one direction over 15 metres using two infrared photo-electric cells and computer software will also be recorded throughout the test. Following completion of the LIST they will be given one of the two experimental drinks; Mars Refuel Chocolate Milk (CM) or carbohydrate replacement drink; Endurox R4 Chocolate (CR). The volume of CR will be calculated to provide 1 g carbohydrate.kg-1 body mass. The volume of CM will be calculated to give an isocaloric amount. The drinks will be placed into opaque bottles by a laboratory assistant not directly involved in the test. Recovery drinks will be assigned to the participants by a coin-toss. Once half the sample has been assigned to one drink t he remaining participants will be given the other for the first experimental trial. Participants will be given the alternative drink during the second trial. An equal total amount of carbohydrate will be given to the participants immediately post-exercise and 2 hours into the recovery period. Although the LIST does not replicate the situation of a badminton match, it does include the correct type of exercise used in training and often during tournaments players have long waiting periods. A total recovery time of 4 hours will be given representing this waiting period. During this time water may be consumed ad libitum in the first trial. This will be recorded and they will be encouraged to consume the same amount in trial 2. After the recovery period participants will be required to complete the LIST again. The time to exhaustion and variables previously measured will be recorded. Participants will then be asked to return one week later in the same state as previously described, replicating their diet 24 hours before the trial. The experimental procedure for trial 2 will be the same, however participants will be given the opposite recovery drink. A placebo is not being used as it has already been shown in many studies that post-exercise consumption of carbohydrate improves recovery. If at any point during the trials the participant wishes to stop or their health and safety becomes compromised the experiment will be stopped. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis will be used on the collected data using SPSS (version 17). The time to exhaustion, sprint times and heart rates following consumption of the two drinks will be compared as will the results for the initial LIST and post-recovery LIST. The significance level for tests will be P

Utopian Society in Shakespeares The Tempest :: essays research papers

The study of Shakespeare’s The Tempest raises many questions as to its interpretation. Many believe that this play shows Shakespeare’s views on the colonization of the new world whereas others believe that this is a play about the ever elusive â€Å"Utopian Society†. I believe that this is a play about the European views of society and savagery at that time. I also believe that, if this is true, the play doesn’t portray a â€Å"conventional† view of native peoples. Shakespeare shows this by having Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan and Usurping ruler of the island, call Caliban, â€Å"A devil, a born devil on whose nature nurture can never stick† but then having Miranda, Prospero’s daughter, say â€Å"I pitied thee, took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour one thing or another.† Prospero is saying that Caliban is a â€Å"savage† who can not be educated, yet we hear that Miranda has taught him to speak, amongst other things. This gives a conflicting view over the character of Caliban. Is he an â€Å"uncivilised savage† or is he a â€Å"normal† human being? The treatment of Caliban could be seen as a representation of the colonisation of the new world, (The Americas) and the treatment of the native Americans. However, the critic Meradith Anne Skura believes the opposite, â€Å"We have no external evidence that seventeenth century audiences thought the play referred to the new world.† This interpretation of the play places more emphasis upon the character of the spirit Ariel, who could also be considered as a native of the island. Prospero frees Ariel from a tree and then enslaves the spirit to do his bidding under the promise of total freedom. Caliban’s main speech (1.2.331-344) reveals the nature of his enslavement and treatment, â€Å"Here you sty me in this hard rock, whiles you do keep me from the rest o’th’island.† Though it is not clear, it seems to me as though Prospero has imprisoned Caliban in a cave and is keeping him from the rest of the island. The reason for this treatment is much clearer , as Prospero tells us, â€Å"I have used thee, filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child.† This tells us that Caliban has tried to rape Miranda at some point and that Prospero treated Caliban much better before the attempted rape occurred.

Ferm Life Cycle Essays -- essays research papers

Ferm Life Cycle Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay will discuss the fern life cycle as taught in biology lab. The essay will cover the basic process which we used to grow a fern. I will discuss the methods and the results of the lab exercise. Finally, I will discuss the evidence of the methods and results that were obtained . Methods and Results:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin our experiment we obtained a petri dish from our lab instructor which contained fern spores and the food they needed to survive. We then look at the spores through the micro scope. It was to soon to see anything but little green dots. We then put our petri dishes under a light until next week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we came in next week we observed our fern spores through the dissecting microscope. We looked to see if we could find anything germinating. We quickly noticed something that appeared like an air bubble squirting out something green. This was our fern spore which was germinating. Next, we removed a few of the germinating spores from the petri dish and put them under a compound microscope scope. We found the spore wall and observed how the developing gametophyte had broken through the wall, as instructed by our lab manuals. One could also identify the chloroplasts with in the cell. We then put up our dishes for another week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third week of our fern lab we identified the difference between male and female gametophyt...

Water Pollution Occurs When Pollutants Are Discharged Environmental Sciences Essay

Water pollution is the taint of H2O organic structures ( e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater ) .Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in these organic structures of H2O ; and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to single species and populations, but besides to the natural biological communities.Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without equal intervention to take harmful compounds. Introduction Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking worldwide cause of deceases and diseases, and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal sickness every twenty-four hours. Some 90 % of China ‘s metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing H2O. In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, industrialised states continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study on H2O quality in the United States, 45 per centum of assessed watercourse stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lake estates, and 32 per centum of assessed bay and estuarine square stat mis were classified as polluted.Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenetic contaminations and either does non back up a human usage, similar helping as imbibing H2O, and/or undergoes a pronounced displacement in its ability to back up its constitutional biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as vents, algae blooms, storms, and temblors besides cause major alterations in H2O quality and the ecological position of H2O. Water pollution classs Surface H2O and groundwater have frequently been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. Beginnings of surface H2O pollution are by and large grouped into two classs based on their beginning. Point beginning pollution refers to contaminations that enter a waterway through a distinct conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of beginnings in this class include discharges from a sewerage intervention works, a mill, or a metropolis storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water Act ( CWA ) defines point beginning for regulative enforcement intents. The CWA definition of point beginning was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm cloaca systems, every bit good as industrial stormwater, such as from building sites. Non-point beginning ( NPS ) pollution refers to spread taint that does non arise from a individual discrete beginning. NPS pollution is frequently the cumulative consequence of little sums of contaminations gathered from a big country. The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical illustration. Nutrient overflow in stormwater from â€Å" sheet flow † over an agricultural field or a wood are besides cited as illustrations of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm H2O washed off of parking tonss, roads and main roads, called urban overflow, is sometimes included under the class of NPS pollution. However, this overflow is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface Waterss, and is a point beginning. However where such H2O is non channeled and drains straight to anchor it is a non-point beginning. Groundwater pollution Interactions between groundwater and surface H2O are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater taint, is non as easy classified as surface H2O pollution. By its really nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to taint from beginnings that may non straight affect surface H2O organic structures, and the differentiation of point vs. non-point beginning may be irrelevant. A spill or on-going releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminations into dirt ( located off from a surface H2O organic structure ) may non make point beginning or non-point beginning pollution, but can pollute the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The motion of the plume, a plume forepart, can be portion of a Hydrological conveyance theoretical account or Groundwater theoretical account. Analysis of groundwater taint may concentrate on the dirt features and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminations. Causes of H2O pollution The specific contaminations taking to pollution in H2O include a broad spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or centripetal alterations such as elevated temperature and stain. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be of course happening ( Ca, Na, Fe, manganese, etc. ) the concentration is frequently the key in finding what is a natural constituent of H2O, and what is a contamination. Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural stuffs, such as works affair ( e.g. foliages and grass ) every bit good as semisynthetic chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenetic substances may do turbidness ( cloud cover ) which blocks visible radiation and disrupts works growing, and clogs the gills of some fish species. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can bring forth waterborne diseases in either human or carnal hosts. Change of H2O ‘s physical chemical science includes sourness ( alteration in pH ) , electrical conduction, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an addition in the concentration of chemical foods in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productiveness of the ecosystem. Depending on the grade of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia ( oxygen depletion ) and terrible decreases in H2O quality may happen, impacting fish and other carnal populations. Pathogens Coliform bacteriums are a normally used bacterial index of H2O pollution, although non an existent cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface Waterss which have caused human wellness jobs include: Burkholderia pseudomallei Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Novovirus and other viruses Parasitic worms ( parasitic worms ) . High degrees of pathogens may ensue from inadequately treated sewerage discharges. This can be caused by a sewerage works designed with less than secondary intervention ( more typical in less-developed states ) . In developed states, older metropoliss with aging substructure may hold leaky sewerage aggregation systems ( pipes, pumps, valves ) , which can do healthful cloaca floods. Some metropoliss besides have combined cloacas, which may dispatch untreated sewerage during rain storms. Pathogen discharges may besides be caused by ill managed farm animal operations. Chemical and other contaminations Muddy river polluted by deposit. Photo courtesy of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic H2O pollutants include: Detergents Disinfection byproducts found in chemically disinfected imbibing H2O, such as trichloromethane Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and lubricating oil Insecticides and weedkillers, a immense scope of organohalides and other chemical compounds Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels ( gasolene, Diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil ) and lubricators ( motor oil ) , and fuel burning by-products, from stormwater overflow Tree and bush dust from logging operations Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , such as industrial dissolvers, from improper storage. Chlorinated dissolvers, which are heavy non-aqueous stage liquids ( DNAPLs ) , may fall to the underside of reservoirs, since they do n't blend good with H2O and are denser. Assorted chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and decorative merchandises Inorganic H2O pollutants include: Sourness caused by industrial discharges ( particularly sulfur dioxide from power workss ) Ammonia from nutrient processing waste Chemical waste as industrial byproducts Fertilizers incorporating foods — nitrates and phosphates — which are found in stormwater overflow from agribusiness, every bit good as commercial and residential usage. Heavy metals from motor vehicles ( via urban stormwater overflow ) and acerb mine drainage Silt ( deposit ) in overflow from building sites, logging, cut and burn patterns or land glade sites Macroscopic pollution big seeable points fouling the H2O may be termed â€Å" floatables † in an urban stormwater context, or marine dust when found on the unfastened seas, and can include such points as: Trash ( e.g. paper, plastic, or nutrient waste ) discarded by people on the land, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and finally discharged into surface Waterss Nurdles, little omnipresent waterborne plastic pellets Shipwrecks, big derelict ships Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the rise or autumn in the temperature of a natural organic structure of H2O caused by human influence. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as a coolant by power workss and industrial makers. Elevated H2O temperatures decreases O degrees ( which can kill fish ) and affects ecosystem composing, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban overflow may besides promote temperature in surface Waterss. Thermal pollution can besides be caused by the release of really cold H2O from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers. Conveyance and chemical reactions of H2O pollutants Most H2O pollutants are finally carried by rivers into the oceans. In some countries of the universe the influence can be traced 100 stat mis from the oral cavity by surveies utilizing hydrology conveyance theoretical accounts. Advanced computing machine theoretical accounts such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to analyze the destiny of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have besides been used to analyze pollutant destinies in the New York Bight, for illustration. The highest toxin tonss are non straight at the oral cavity of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometres south, since several yearss are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the seashore due to coriolis force. Further South so are countries of O depletion, caused by chemicals utilizing up O and by algae blooms, caused by extra foods from algal cell decease and decomposition. Fish and shellfish putting to deaths have been reported, because toxins climb the nutrient concatenation after little fish consume copepods, so big fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each consecutive measure up the nutrient concatenation causes a bit-by-bit concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals ( e.g. quicksilver ) and relentless organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is on occasion used interchangeably with bioaccumulation. Large coils ( whirls ) in the oceans trap drifting plastic dust. The North Pacific Gyre for illustration has collected the alleged â€Å" Great Pacific Garbage Patch † that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these durable pieces wind up in the tummy of Marine birds and animate beings. This consequences in obstructor of digestive tracts which leads to cut down appetency or even famishment. Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change particularly over long periods of clip in groundwater reservoirs. A notable category of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethane ( used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics fabricating ) and tetrachlorethylene used in the dry cleansing industry ( note latest progresss in liquid C dioxide in dry cleansing that avoids all usage of chemicals ) . Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, taking to new risky chemicals ( including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride ) . Groundwater pollution is much more hard to slake than surface pollution because groundwater can travel great distances through unobserved aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partly purify H2O of bacteriums by simple filtration ( surface assimilation and soaking up ) , dilution, and, in some instances, chemical reactions and biological activity: nevertheless, in some instances, the pollutants simply transform to dirty contaminations. Groundwater that moves through clefts and caverns is non filtered and can be transported every bit easy as surface H2O. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human inclination to utilize natural swallow holes as mopess in countries of Karst topography. There are a assortment of secondary effects stemming non from the original pollutant, but a derivative status. An illustration is silt-bearing surface overflow, which can suppress the incursion of sunshine through the H2O column, haltering photosynthesis in aquatic workss. Measurement of H2O pollution Environmental Scientists fixing H2O autosamplers. Water pollution may be analyzed through several wide classs of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve aggregation of samples, followed by specialised analytical trials. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without trying, such as temperature. Government bureaus and research organisations have published standardized, validated analytical trial methods to ease the comparison of consequences from disparate proving events. Sampling Sampling of H2O for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the truth needed and the features of the contamination. Many taint events are aggressively restricted in clip, most normally in association with rain events. For this ground â€Å" grab † samples are frequently unequal for to the full quantifying contamination degrees. Scientists garnering this type of informations frequently employ auto-sampler devices that pump increases of H2O at either clip or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological proving involves aggregation of workss and/or animate beings from the surface H2O organic structure. Depending on the type of appraisal, the beings may be identified for biosurveys ( population counts ) and returned to the H2O organic structure, or they may be dissected for bio-assaies to find toxicity. Physical testing Common physical trials of H2O include temperature, solids concentration like entire suspended solids ( TSS ) and turbidness. Chemical testing Water samples may be examined utilizing the rules of analytical chemical science. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , foods ( nitrate and phosphorus compounds ) , metals ( including Cu, Zn, Cd, lead and quicksilver ) , oil and lubricating oil, entire crude oil hydrocarbons ( TPH ) , and pesticides. Biological testing Biological proving involves the usage of works, animate being, and/or microbic indexs to supervise the wellness of an aquatic ecosystem. Control of H2O pollution Domestic sewerage Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant functioning Boston, Massachusetts and locality. Domestic sewerage is 99.9 % pure H2O, the other 0.1 % are pollutants. While found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose hazard on a big graduated table. In urban countries, domestic sewerage is typically treated by centralised sewerage intervention workss. In the U.S. , most of these workss are operated by local authorities bureaus, often referred to as publically owned intervention plants ( POTW ) . Municipal intervention workss are designed to command conventional pollutants: BOD and suspended solids. Well-designed and operated systems ( i.e. , secondary intervention or better ) can take 90 per centum or more of these pollutants. Some workss have extra sub-systems to handle foods and pathogens. Most municipal workss are non designed to handle toxic pollutants found in industrial effluent. Cities with healthful cloaca floods or combined sewer floods employ one or more technology attacks to cut down discharges of untreated sewerage, including: using a green substructure attack to better stormwater direction capacity throughout the system, and cut down the hydraulic overloading of the intervention works fix and replacing of leaking and malfunctioning equipment. increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewerage aggregation system ( frequently a really expensive option ) . A family or concern non served by a municipal intervention works may hold an single infected armored combat vehicle, which treats the effluent on site and discharges into the dirt. Alternatively, domestic effluent may be sent to a nearby in private owned intervention system ( e.g. in a rural community ) . Industrial effluent Dissolved air floatation system for handling industrial effluent. Some industrial installations generate ordinary domestic sewerage that can be treated by municipal installations. Industries that generate effluent with high concentrations of conventional pollutants ( e.g. oil and lubricating oil ) , toxic pollutants ( e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds ) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonium hydroxide, need specialised intervention systems. Some of these installations can put in a pre-treatment system to take the toxic constituents, and so direct the partly treated effluent to the municipal system. Industries bring forthing big volumes of effluent typically operate their ain complete on-site intervention systems. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their fabrication processes to cut down or extinguish pollutants, through a procedure called pollution bar. Heated H2O generated by power workss or fabricating workss may be controlled with: chilling pools, semisynthetic organic structures of H2O designed for chilling by vaporization, convection, and radiation chilling towers, which transfer waste heat to the ambiance through vaporization and/or heat transportation cogeneration, a procedure where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial warming intents. Agricultural effluent Nonpoint beginning controls Sediment ( loose dirt ) washed off Fieldss is the largest beginning of agricultural pollution in the United States. Farmers may use eroding controls to cut down overflow flows and retain dirt on their Fieldss. Common techniques include contour ploughing, harvest mulching, harvest rotary motion, seting perennial harvests and put ining riparian buffers. Foods ( N and P ) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertiliser ; carnal manure ; or crop-dusting of municipal or industrial effluent ( outflowing ) or sludge. Foods may besides come in overflow from harvest residues, irrigation H2O, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement alimentary direction programs to cut down extra application of foods. To minimise pesticide impacts, husbandmans may utilize Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) techniques ( which can include biological pest control ) to keep control over plagues, cut down trust on chemical pesticides, and protect H2O quality. Point beginning effluent intervention Farms with big farm animal and domestic fowl operations, such as mill farms, are called concentrated animate being feeding operations or confined carnal feeding operations in the U.S. and are being capable to increasing authorities ordinance. Animal slurries are normally treated by containment in lagunas before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are sometimes used to ease intervention of animate being wastes, as are anaerobiotic lagunas. Some carnal slurries are treated by blending with straw and composted at high temperature to bring forth a bacteriologically unfertile and crumbly manure for dirt betterment. Construction site stormwater Silt fencing installed on a building site. Sediment from building sites is managed by installing of: eroding controls, such as mulching and hydroseeding, and deposit controls, such as deposit basins and silt fencings. Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by usage of: spill bar and control programs, and specially designed containers ( e.g. for concrete washout ) and constructions such as overflow controls and recreation berms. Urban overflow ( stormwater ) Effective control of urban overflow involves cut downing the speed and flow of stormwater, every bit good as cut downing pollutant discharges. Local authoritiess use a assortment of stormwater direction techniques to cut down the effects of urban overflow. These techniques, called best direction patterns ( BMPs ) in the U.S. , may concentrate on H2O measure control, while others focus on bettering H2O quality, and some perform both maps. Pollution bar patterns include low impact development techniques, installing of green roofs and improved chemical handling ( e.g. direction of motor fuels & A ; oil, fertilisers and pesticides ) . Runoff extenuation systems include infiltration basins, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands, keeping basins and similar devices. Thermal pollution from overflow can be controlled by stormwater direction installations that absorb the overflow or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Retention basins tend to be less effectual at cut downing temperature, as the H2O may be heated by the Sun before being discharged to a receiving watercourse.